H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S










H
A
C
K
E
R
S

N
E
W
S
　

인터넷과 해킹의 역사

1940s-1960s

[1947 Dec 23] The first transistor is placed on display, consisting of a crude looking collection of wires, insulators, and germanium, at Bell Labs by William Shockley and his research team of John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain.

[1958] The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was established as the first U.S. response to the Soviet Union launching of Sputnik.

[1960 Nov] Telephone calls are switched for the first time by computer.

[1963] Dartmouth College located in Hanover, New Hampshire incorporates the introduction to the use of computers as a regular part of the Liberal Arts Program.

[1963] ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is created by Robert Bemer, permitting machines from different manufacturers to exchange data. ASCII consists of 128 unique strings of ones and zeros.

[1964] There are approximately 18,200 computer systems in the United States. Over 70% of those computers were manufactured by International Business Machines (IBM).

[1964] Thomas Eugene Kurtz and John George Kemeny created BASIC (Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), an easy-to-learn programming language for their students at Dartmouth College.

[1967] The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) work with U.S. computer experts to form a network of Interface Message Processors (IMPS). The computers would act as gateways to mainframes at a variety of institutions in the United States and provide a major part of what would become the Internet in the years ahead.

[1969] The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) originates ARPAnet, a service designed to provide efficient ways to communicate for scientists. A Cambridge, Massachusetts consulting firm, Bolt Beranek and Newman, who won a ARPA contract to design and build a network of Interface Message Processors (IMPS) the year prior, ships (Sept.) the first unit to UCLA and ships (Oct.) the second unit to Stanford Research Institute. IMPS act as gateways to mainframes at a variety of institutions in the United States. Within a few days of delivery, the machine at UCLA and Stanford link up for the first time and ARPAnet is founded. Later the network expands to four nodes. The first four nodes (networks) consisted of the University of California Los Angeles, University of California Santa Barbara, University of Utah and the Stanford Research Institute. This system would evolve to be known as the Internet or the Information Super Highway.

[1969] CompuServe time-sharing service is founded.

[1969] Intel makes the announcement of a much larger RAM chip. It boasts of a 1KB capacity.

[1969] Ken L. Thompson, Dennis M. Ritchie and others start working on the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs (later AT&T). UNIX was designed with the goal of allowing several users to access the computer simultaneously.

[1969] The first computer hackers emerge at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). They borrow their name from a term to describe members of a model train group at the school who "hack" the electric trains, tracks, and switches to make them perform faster and differently. A few of the members transfer their curiosity and rigging skills to the new mainframe computing systems being studied and developed on campus.

[1969] Joe Engressia (The Whistler, Joybubbles and High Rise Joe) considered the father of phreaking. Joe, who is blind, was a mathematics student at USF (University of South Florida) in the late 1960s when he discovered that he could whistle into a pay telephone the precise pitch --the 2600-cycle note, close to a high A-- that would trip phone circuits and allow him to make long-distance calls at no cost.

[1969 Dec 28] Linus Benedict Torvalds is born in Helsinki, Finland. Linus would later begin the development of the free computer operating system called Linux.

1970s
[1970] An estimated 100,000 computer systems are in use in the United States.

[1970] Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduces the famous PDP-11, which is considered to be one of the best designed minicomputers ever, and many of the machines are still used today. Some of the best computer hackers in the world cut their teeth on -11's.

[1971] John Draper (Cap'n Crunch) learns that a toy whistle given away inside Cap'n Crunch cereal generates a 2600-hertz signal, the same high-pitched tone that accesses AT&T's long-distance switching system. Draper builds a blue box that, when used in conjunction with the whistle and sounded into a phone receiver, allows phreakers to make free calls.

[1971] Esquire magazine publishes Secrets of the Little Blue Box with instructions for making a blue box, and wire fraud in the United States escalates. Among the perpetrators: college kids Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, future founders of Apple Computer, who launch a home industry making and selling blue boxes.

[1971] First email program written by Ray Tomlinson and used on ARPAnet which now has 64 nodes. Tomlinson of Bolt Beranek and Newman, contracted by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to create the ARPAnet, selects the @ symbol to separate user names in email as the first email messages are sent between computers.

[1971 Sep] The first personal computer, the Kenback, is advertised in Scientific American.

[1972] The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) developed the telnet application for remote login, making it easier to connect to a remote computer.

[1972 May] John Draper arrested for phone phreaking and sentenced to four months in California's Lompoc Federal Penitentiary.

[1973] Intel's chairman, Gordon Moore, publicly reveals the prophecy that the number of transistors on a microchip will double every year and a half. Moore's Law will hold true for more than twenty years.

[1973 Feb 7] FTP (File Transfer Protocol) was introduced, standardizing the transfer of files between networked computers.

[1975] About 13,000 cash dispensing Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) are installed.

[1975] Atari, Inc.'s home version of PONG begins selling at 900 Sears and Roebuck stores under the Sears?Telegames brand.

[1975 Aug] William Henry Gates, III (Bill Gates) and Paul Allen found Microsoft.

[1976] David R. Boggs and Robert M. Metcalfe invent Ethernet at Xerox in Palo Alto, California.

[1976 Apr] Stephen Wozniak, Steven Paul Jobs and Ron Wayne sign an agreement that founds Apple Computer on April 1.

[1977] Bill Joy produces the first Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) of UNIX.

[1977 Aug 3] The TRS-80 (Trash-80) Model I is offered to the public and becomes the first desktop computer.

[1977 Dec] The Atari 2600 is selling for $199.95 and includes one game and two controllers.

[1978] The first CBBS (Computerized Bulletin Board System) is started by Ward Christensen and Randy Suess.

[1978] There are an estimated 5,000 desktop computers in use within the United States.

[1978] Kevin David Mitnick (Condor) meets phone phreak Lewis De Payne (Roscoe) of the Roscoe Gang while harassing a HAM radio operator on the air in Southern California.

[1978 Mar] TCP split into TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol).

[1979] Usenet is born, networking UNIX machines over slow phone lines. Usenet eventually overruns ARPAnet as the virtual bulletin board of choice for the emerging hacker nation.

[1979] The C programming language by Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie is published.

[1979 Jun] The Apple II+ with 48K RAM and a new "auto-start" ROM is introduced by Apple Computer for $1,195.
1980s
[1980] There is an estimated 350,000 computer terminals "networked" with larger "host" computers.

[1980] Nintendo, Ltd. releases Donkey Kong as a coin-operated arcade game.

[1980 Dec] Roscoe Gang, including Kevin Mitnick, invade computer system at U.S. Leasing.

[1981] Sinclair ZX81 is released, the first computer I cut my teeth (fingers) on.

[1981] Domain Name System is conceived by Dr. David Mills.

[1981] Kenji Urada, 37, becomes the first reported death caused by a robot. A self-propelled robotic cart crushed him as he was trying to repair it in a Japanese factory. :-)

[1981] Commodore Business Machines starts shipping the VIC-20 home computer. It features a 6502 microprocessor, 8 colors and a 61-key keyboard. Screen columns are limited to 22 characters. The product is manufactured in West Germany and sells in the U.S. for just under $300.

[1981 Jul] Microsoft acquires complete rights to Seattle Computer Product's DOS (Disk Operating System) and names it MS-DOS.

[1981] Ian Murphy (Captain Zap) was the first hacker to be tried and convicted as a felon. Murphy broke into AT&T's computers and changed the internal clocks that metered billing rates. People were getting late-night discount rates when they called at midday.

[1981 May 23] Kevin Mitnick, 17, is arrested for stealing computer manuals from Pacific Bell's switching center in Los Angeles, California. He will be prosecuted as a juvenile and sentenced to probation.

[1981 May 28] First mention of Microsoft on Usenet.

[1982] Hewlett-Packard introduces their version of UNIX, HP-UX 1.0. HP-UX is largely based on System V.

[1982] SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is published.

[1982] There are an estimated 3 million computer terminals "networked" with larger "host" computers. Also, there are an estimated number of 5 million desktop computers in use within the United States. More than 100 companies make personal computers.

[1982] Sun Microsystems, Inc. is founded by four 27-year-old men; Andreas von Bechtolsheim, Vinod Khosla, Scott McNealy and Bill Joy. The company name SUN originally stood for Stanford University Network.

[1982] As the hacker culture begins to erode, losing some of its brightest minds to commercial PC and software start-ups, Richard Stallman starts to develop a free clone of UNIX written in C programming, that he calls GNU (GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not UNIX").

[1982] William Gibson coins the term "cyberspace."

[1982] '414 Gang' phreakers raided. 414 Private BBS (Bulletin Board System) was where the '414 Gang' would exchange information while breaking into systems of Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Los Alamos military computers.

[1982 Aug] Commodore ships the Commodore 64 computer and enters more than one million homes during this first year. The C-64 was the first home computer with a standard 64K RAM. With an suggested retail price of $595, it was considered a huge value. It included a keyboard, CPU, graphics and sound chips.

[1982 Sep 19] Scott E. Fahlman typed the first online smiley, :-)

[1983] The Internet is formed when ARPAnet is split into military and civilian sections.

[1983] The movie WarGames is released, Matthew Broderick plays a computer whiz kid who inadvertently initiates the countdown to World War III.

[1983] FidoNet developed by Tom Jennings.

[1983] Plovernet BBS (Bulletin Board System) was a powerful East Coast pirate board that operated in both New York and Florida. Owned and operated by teenage hacker 'Quasi Moto', Plovernet attracted five hundred eager users. Eric Corley (Emmanuel Goldstein) was one-time co-sysop of Plovernet, along with 'Lex Luthor', who would later found the phreaker/hacker group, Legion of Doom.

[1983 May] Telnet protocol published.

[1983 Sep 22] Kevin Poulsen (Dark Dante) and Ron Austin are arrested for breaking into the ARPAnet. At 17 Poulsen is not prosecuted and Austin receives 3 years probation.

[1983 Sep 27] Richard Stallman makes the first Usenet announcement about GNU.

[1983 Nov 12] First mention of Microsoft Windows on Usenet.

[1984] Fred Cohen introduces the term "computer virus" to the lexicon of computers.

[1984] Andrew Tanenbaum writes the first version of Minix, a free UNIX clone intended for educational purposes. Minix later gave Linus Torvalds the inspiration to start writing Linux.

[1984] The University of California at Berkeley released version 4.2BSD which included a complete implementation of the TCP/IP networking protocols. Systems based on this and later BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) releases provided a multi-vendor networking capability based on Ethernet Networking.

[1984] Bill Landreth (The Cracker) is convicted of breaking into some of the most secure computer systems in the United States, including GTE Telemail's electronic mail network, where he peeped at NASA Department of Defense computer correspondence. In 1987 Landreth violated his probation and was back in jail finishing his sentence. Landreth also authored an interesting read titled Out of the Inner Circle.

[1984] Legion of Doom formed. Legion of Doom, a hacker group which operated in the United States in the late 1980's. The group's wide ranging activities included diversion of telephone networks, copying proprietary information from companies and distributing hacking tutorials. Members included: 'Lex Luther' (founder), Chris Goggans (Erik Bloodaxe), Mark Abene (Phiber Optik), Adam Grant (The Urvile), Franklin Darden (The Leftist), Robert Riggs (The Prophet), Loyd Blankenship (The Mentor), Todd Lawrence (The Marauder), Scott Chasin (Doc Holiday), Bruce Fancher (Death Lord), Patrick K. Kroupa (Lord Digital), James Salsman (Karl Marx), Steven G. Steinberg (Frank Drake), Corey A. Lindsly (Mark Tabas), Peter Jay Salzman (Thomas Covenant), 'Agrajag The Prolonged', 'King Blotto', 'Blue Archer', 'The Dragyn', 'Unknown Soldier', 'Sharp Razor', 'Doctor Who', 'Paul Muad'Dib', 'Phucked Agent 04', 'X-man', 'Randy Smith', 'Steve Dahl, 'The Warlock', 'Terminal Man', 'Silver Spy', 'The Videosmith', 'Kerrang Khan', 'Gary Seven', 'Bill From RNOC', 'Carrier Culprit', 'Master of Impact', 'Phantom Phreaker', 'Doom Prophet', 'Phase Jitter', 'Prime Suspect', 'Skinny Puppy' and 'Professor Falken'.

[1984] 2600: The Hacker Quarterly is founded by Eric Corley (Emmanuel Goldstein).

[1984 Jan] Apple introduces Macintosh System 1.0.

[1984 Jun 19] The X Window System is released by Robert W. Scheifler.

[1985] The Free Software Foundation (FSF), founded.

[1985] The National Science Foundation began deploying its new T1 lines, which would be finished by 1988.

[1985] Hacker 'zine Phrack is first published by Craig Neidorf (Knight Lightning) and Randy Tischler (Taran King).

[1985 Mar 15] Symbolics.com is assigned and becomes the first registered domain.

[1985 Apr] Apple introduces Macintosh System 2.0.

[1985 May 24] Date of incorporation under original founding name, Quantum Computer Services (America Online).

[1985 Nov] Microsoft releases Windows 1.0 and is initially sold for $100.00.

[1986] AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive) released by IBM. AIX is IBM's version of UNIX and is based on AT&T's UNIX System V with Berkeley extensions.

[1986] The Fraunhofer Institut in Erlangen, Germany, begin work on a high quality, low bit-rate audio coding with the help of Dieter Seitzer, a professor at the University of Erlangen. In 1989, Fraunhofer was granted a patent for MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer III) in Germany and a few years later it was submitted to the International Standards Organization (ISO), and integrated into the MPEG-1 specification.

[1986] The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) was created to serve as a forum for technical coordination by contractors for DARPA working on ARPAnet, U.S. Defense Data Network (DDN) and the Internet core gateway system.

[1986] The U.S. Congress passes the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. The law, however, does not cover juveniles.

[1986] The German hacker group, Chaos Computer Club, hacked information about the german Nuclear Power Program from government computers during the Chernobyl crisis.

[1986 Jan] Apple introduces Macintosh System 3.0.

[1986 Jan 8] Legion of Doom/H member Loyd Blankenship (The Mentor) is arrested. He publishes a now-famous treatise that comes to be known as the Hacker's Manifesto.

[1986 Feb 26] The Phoenix Fortress BBS (Bulletin Board System) issues warrants for the arrest and confiscation of the equpment of 7 local users in Fremont, California. The Sysop turns out to be a local law enforcement agent and the Phoenix Fortress created to catch hackers and software pirates.

[1986 Aug] While following up a 75 cent accounting error in the computer logs at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab at the University of California, Berkeley, network manager Clifford Stoll uncovers evidence of hackers at work. A year-long investigation results in the arrest of the five German hackers responsible. Stoll later wrote the book Cukoo's Egg which detailed his hunt for the hackers.

[1987 Mar] Apple introduces Macintosh System 4.0.

[1987 Sep 14] It's disclosed publicly that young german computer hackers calling themselves the Data Travellers, managed to break into NASA network computers and other world-wide top secret computer installations.

[1987 Oct 18] The first version of Perl, Perl 1.0, was posted to the usenet group comp.sources. Created by Larry Wall, Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language) is a stable, cross platform programming language.

[1987 Dec] Kevin Mitnick invades systems at Santa Cruz Operation (SCO). Mitnick is sentenced to probabtion for stealing software from SCO, after he cooperates by telling SCO engineers how he got into their systems.

[1987 Dec 9] Microsoft releases Windows 2.0 and is initially sold for $100.00.

[1988] Sony, Philips and Taiyo Yuden co-invented CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable).

[1988] Apple introduces Macintosh System 6.0.

[1988] IRC (Internet Relay Chat) started with the efforts of Jarkko Oikarinen while attending the University of Oulu, Finland.

[1988 Jun] The U.S. Secret Service (USSS) secretly videotapes the SummerCon hacker convention.

[1988 Nov 2] Robert T. Morris, Jr., a graduate student at Cornell University and son of a chief scientist at a division of the National Security Agency (NSA), launches a self-replicating worm on the government's ARPAnet (precursor to the Internet) to test its effect on UNIX systems. The worm gets out of hand and spreads to some 6,000 networked computers, clogging government and university systems. Morris is dismissed from Cornell, sentenced to three years probation and fined $10,000.

[1988 Nov 3] First mention of the Morris Worm on Usenet.

[1988 Dec] Legion of Doom hacker Robert Riggs (The Prophet) hacks into BellSouth AIMSX computer network and downloads E911 document (describes how the 911 emergency phone system works). Riggs sends a copy to Phrack editor Craig Neidorf (Knight Lightning). Both Craig and Robert are raided by federal authorities and later indicted. The indictment said the "computerized text file" was worth $79,449, and a BellSouth security official testified at trial it was worth $24,639. The trial began on July 23, 1990 but the proceedings unexpectedly ended when the government asked the court to dismiss all the charges when it was discovered that the public could call a toll-free number and purchase the same E911 document for less than $20.

[1988 Dec 16] 25-year-old computer hacker Kevin Mitnick is held without bail on charges that include stealing $1 million in software from DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), including UNIX/VMS (Virtual Memory System) source code, and causing that firm $4 million in damages.

[1989] 22-year-old computer hacker and ex-LOD member Corey Lindsly (Mark Tabas) pleaded guilty to felony charges relating to using a computer to access US West's computer system illegally, which resulted in five years probation. [see also 1995 Feb. 'Phonemasters']

[1989] At the Cern laboratory for research in high-energy physics in Geneva, Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau develop the protocols that will become the World Wide Web (www).

[1989 Jan 23] Herbert Zinn (Shadowhawk), a high school dropout, was the first person to be convicted (as a juvenile) under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986. Zinn was 16 when he managed to break into AT&T and Department of Defense systems. He was convicted of destroying $174,000 worth of files, copying programs valued at millions of dollars, and publishing passwords and instructions on how to violate computer security systems. Zinn was sentenced to nine months in prison and fined $10,000.

[1989 Jul 21] Known as the "Atlanta Three" case, 3 members of the LOD/H (Legion of Doom) were charged with hacking into Bell South's telephone (including 911) networks - possessing proprietary BellSouth software and information, unauthorized intrusion, illegal possession of phone credit card numbers with intent to defraud, and conspiracy. The three hackers were: Franklin Darden (The Leftist), Adam Grant (The Urvile, Necron 99), Robert Riggs (The Prophet).

[1989 Jun 22] 'Fry Guy', a 16-year-old in Elmwood, Indiana cracks into McDonald's mainframe on the Sprint Telenet system. One act involved the young hacker altering phone switches so that calls to a Florida county probation department would ring at a New York phone-sex line answered by "Tina." On September 14 1990, he was sentenced to forty-four months probation and four hundred hours community service.

[1989 Sep] SunOS 4.0.2 is released by Sun Microsystems.
1990s
[1990] ARPAnet ceases to exist.

[1990] Archie (ARCHIvE), one of the first attempts at organizing information on the Net. Created by Alan Emtage, a McGill University student, Archie archived what at the time was the most popular repository of Internet files and anonymous FTP sites.

[1990] Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is formed by Mitch Kapor and John Perry Barlow in part to defend the rights of those investigated for alleged computer hacking.

[1990] Kevin Poulsen's now-infamous incident with KIIS-FM in Los Angeles, California. The station ran the "Win a Porsche by Friday" contest, with a $50,000 Porsche given to the 102nd caller. Kevin and his associates, stationed at their computers, seized control of the station's 25 telephone lines, blocking out all calls but their own. Then he dialed the 102nd call -- and later collected his Porsche 944.

[1990 Jan 15] AT&T's long-distance telephone switching system crashed. During the nine long hours of frantic effort that it took to restore service, some seventy million telephone calls went uncompleted. Hackers where first suspected of causing the crash but later AT&T engineers discovered the "culprit" was a bug in AT&T's own software.

[1990 Jan 18] Chicago Task Force raid alleged computer hacker Craig Neidorf (Knight Lightning) in St. Louis, Missouri.

[1990 Feb] U.S. Secret Service raid alleged computer hacker Len Rose (Terminus) in Maryland. Len somehow got his hands on System V 3.2 AT&T UNIX Source Code, including the source login.c

[1990 Mar 1] Chicago Task Force raids Steve Jackson Games, Inc. Reportedly, workers Loyd Blankenship (The Mentor) and Chris Goggans (Erik Bloodaxe), had ties to a hacker group (LOD) that the Justice Department was investigating. Finding a rulebook to a game called G.U.R.P.S. CYBERPUNK, raiders interpreted the findings as a tutorial on computer hacking and proceeded to seize equipment and documents found at the site. Steve Jackson Games, Inc. prevailed in an ensuing legal battle, however their equipment was never returned in its entirety.

[1990 May 7] May 7 through May 9, the United States Secret Service and the Arizona Organized Crime and Racketeering Bureau implement Operation Sundevil computer hacker raids in Cincinnati, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Richmond, Tucson, San Diego, San Jose and San Francisco.

[1990 Mar 7] A 24-year-old Denver, Colorado man, Richard G. Wittman Jr., has admitted breaking into a NASA computer system. In a plea bargain, Wittman plead guilty to a single count of altering information - a password inside a federal computer.

[1990 Apr] Between April 1990 and May 1991, computer hackers from the Netherlands penetrated 34 DOD sites. At many of the sites the hackers had access to unclassified, sensitive information on such topics as military personnel--personnel performance reports, travel information, and personnel reductions; logistics--descriptions of the type and quantity of equipment being moved; and weapons systems development data.

[1990 May] At least four British clearing banks are being blackmailed by a mysterious group of computer hackers who have broken into their central computer systems. The hackers demanded substantial sums of money in return for showing the banks how their systems where penetrated. One computer expert described their level of expertise and knowledge of the clearing bank computer systems as "truly frightening".

[1991] Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the University of Minnesota.

[1991] PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) encryption program released by Philip Zimmerman.

[1991] The Internet, having been established to link the military and educational institutions but banned access to businesses. That ban is lifted this year.

[1991] Rumors circulate about the Michelangelo virus, a program expected to crash computers on March 6, 1992, the artist's 517th birthday. Doomsday passes without much incident.

[1991 Feb] Solaris 1.0 is released by Sun Microsystems.

[1991 Feb] DOS (Disk Operating System) version of AOL released.

[1991 Feb] Python programming language by Guido van Rossum is released to Usenet.

[1991 May] Apple introduces Macintosh System 7.0.

[1991 Jul] Justin Petersen (Agent Steal, Eric Heinz) arrested for breaking into TRW and stealing credit cards.

[1991 Aug 6] Tim Berners-Lee's Usenet announcement of the World Wide Web (WWW) project.

[1991 Sep 17] Linus Torvalds publicly releases Linux version 0.01, the source is all of 64KB. While a computer science student at the University of Helsinki Linus created the Linux operating system. Linus originally named his operating system Freax.

[1991 Oct 5] Linus Torvalds decides to announce the availability of a free minix-like kernel called Linux on Usenet.

[1992] The term "surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean Armour Polly.

[1992] Masters of Deception (MOD) phone phreakers arrested from evidence obtained via wiretaps.

[1992] Morty Rosenfeld is convicted after hacking into TRW, stealing credit card numbers and selling credit reports.

[1992 Jan 29] Minix creator, Andy Tanenbaum, posts the infamous LINUX is obsolete newsgroup posting on comp.os.minix. Later, Linux creator Linus Torvalds quickly responds to the posting.

[1992 Mar 31] The newsgroup comp.os.linux is created.

[1992 Nov] Kevin Mitnick hacks into the California Department of Motor Vehicles.

[1993] FVWM (F Virtual Window Manager) started. FVWM was designed to minimize memory consumption, provide a 3-D look and provide a simple virtual desktop.

[1993 Mar] Mosaic web browser first released.

[1993 Apr 20] NetBSD 0.8 is released.

[1993 Jun] Slackware, by Patrick Volkerding, becomes the first commercial standalone distribution of Linux.

[1993 Jul 9] The first Def Con hacking conference takes place in Las Vegas, Nevada. The conference is meant to be a one-time party to say good-bye to Bulletin Board Systems (now replaced by the Web), but the gathering is so popular it becomes an annual event.

[1993 Mar 1] Microsoft releases Windows NT 3.1.

[1993 Oct 28] Randal Schwartz uses the program called Crack at Intel to crack password files, he is later found guilty under an Oregon computer crime law and sentenced.

[1993 Dec] FreeBSD version 1.0 is released.

[1994] Red Hat is founded.

[1994] Opera web browser first developed in Norway.

[1994 Jan 12] Mark Abene (Phiber Optik) starts his one year sentence. As a founding member of the Masters of Deception, Mark inspired thousands of teenagers around the country to "study" the internal workings of the United State's phone systems. A federal judge attempted to "send a message" to other hackers by sentencing Mark to a year in federal prison, but the message got garbled: Hundreds of well-wishers attended a welcome-home party in Mark's honor at a Manhattan Club. Soon after, New York Magazine dubbed him one of the city's 100 smartest people. Other MOD members: Elias Ladopoulos (Acid Phreak), Paul Stira (Scorpion), John Lee (Corrupt), Allen Wilson (Wing), 'The Seeker', 'HAC', 'Red Knight', 'Lord Micro' and Julio Fernandez (Outlaw).

[1994 Feb] David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph.D. candidates in Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide, which would later be called Yahoo.com, in a campus trailer as a way to keep track of their personal interests on the Internet. The web site started out as "Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web" but eventually received a new moniker with the help of a dictionary. The name Yahoo! is an acronym for "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle."

[1994 Mar 14] Linux kernel 1.0 is released.

[1994 Mar 23] 16-year-old music student Richard Pryce (Datastream Cowboy) is arrested and charged with breaking into hundreds of computers including those at the Griffiths Air Force Base, NASA and the Korean Atomic Research Institute. The Times of London reported that knowing he was about to be arrested, Richard "curled up on the floor and cried." Pryce later pled guilty to 12 hacking offenses and fined $1,800. Later, Matthew Bevan (Kuji), mentor to Pryce was finally tracked down and arrested. The charges against Bevan were later dropped and now he works as a computer security consultant.

[1994 Apr 12] One of the first spam messages is posted to newsgoups. Two lawyers from Phoenix, Arizona named Canter and Siegel posted a message advertising their fairly useless services in an upcoming U.S. "green card" lottery. Quickly people called it a "spam" and the word caught on.

[1994 Jun 13] Vladimir Levin, a 23-year-old, led a Russian hacker group in the first publicly revealed international bank robbery over a network. Stealing around 10 million dollars from Citibank, which claims to have recovered all but $400,000 of the money. Levin was later caught and sentenced to 3 years in prison.

[1994 Aug] Justin Petersen electronically steals $150,000 from Heller Financial.

[1994 Oct] First version of Netscape web browser released.

[1994 Dec] The first alpha version of Ruby is released by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto.

[1994 Dec 25] Kevin Mitnick (supposedly) hacks into Tsutomu Shimomura's computers. Mitnick was first suspected of hacking into Tsutomu's computers but an unknown Israeli hacker (friend to Mitnick) was later suspected. The Israeli hacker was thought to be looking for the Oki cell phone disassembler written by Shimomura and wanted by Mitnick.

[1995 Jan 27] Kevin Mitnick hacks into the Well; puts Shimomura's files and Netcom (bought by MindSpring, MindSpring then bought by Earthlink) credit card numbers there.

[1995 Feb] Ex-LOD member, Corey Lindsly (Mark Tabas) was the major ringleader in a computer hacker organization, known as the Phonemasters, whose ultimate goal was to own the telecommunications infrastructure from coast-to-coast. The group penetrated the systems of AT&T, British Telecom., GTE, MCI Sprint, Southwestern Bell and systems owned by state and federal governmental agencies, to include the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) computer system. They broke into credit reporting databases belonging to Equifax Inc. and TRW Inc. They entered Nexis/Lexis databases and systems of Dun & Bradstreet. They had access to portions of the national power grid, air-traffic-control systems and had hacked their way into a digital cache of unpublished phone numbers at the White House. A federal court granted the FBI permission to use the first ever "data tap" to monitor the hacker's activities. These hackers organized their assaults on the computers through teleconferencing and utilized the encryption program PGP to hide the data which they traded with each other. On Sep. 16 1999 Corey Lindsly, age 32, of Portland, Oregon, was sentenced to forty-one months imprisonment and ordered to pay $10,000 to the victim corporations. Other Phonemasters members: John Bosanac (Gatsby) from San Diego, Calvin Cantrell (Zibby) and Brian Jaynes both located in Dallas, Rudy Lombardi (Bro) in Canada and Thomas Gurtler in Ohio. Calvin Cantrell, age 30, of Grand Prairie, Texas, was sentenced to two years imprisonment and ordered to pay $10,000 to the victim corporations. John Bosanac was sentenced to 18 months in jail.

[1995 Feb 15] Kevin Mitnick arrested and charged with obtaining unauthorized access to computers belonging to numerous computer software and computer operating systems manufacturers, cellular telephone manufacturers, internet service providers, and educational institutions; and stealing, copying, and misappropriating proprietary computer software from Motorola, Fujitsu, Nokia, Sun, Novell, and NEC. Mitnick was also in possession of 20,000 credit card numbers.

[1995 Mar 18] SATAN (Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks) security tool released to the Internet by Dan Farmer and Wietse Venema. The release stirs huge debate about security auditing tools being given to the public.

[1995 May 5] Chris Lamprecht (Minor Threat) becomes first person banned from the Internet. Chris was sentenced for a number of crimes to which he pled guilty. The crimes involved the theft and sale of Southwestern Bell circuit boards. In the early 1990s Chris wrote a program called ToneLoc (Tone Locator), a phone dialing program modeled on the program Matthew Broderick used in the movie War Games to find open modem lines in telephone exchanges.

[1995 May 23] Sun launches Java.

[1995 Jul] The first online bookstore, Amazon.com, is launched in Seattle by Jeffrey P. Bezos.

[1995 Jul 12] Tatu Ylonen announces the release of the first SSH (Secure SHell) login program. SSH is a protocol for secure remote logins and other secure network services over an insecure network.

[1995 Aug] Internet Explorer 1.0 is released.

[1995 Aug] Microsoft releases Windows 95 and sells more than 1 Million copies within 4 days.

[1995 Aug 16] French student Damien Doligez cracks 40-bit RC4 encryption. The challenge presented the encrypted data of a Netscape session, using the default exportable mode, 40-bit RC4 encryption. Doligez broke the code in eight days using 112 workstations.

[1995 Sep 17] Ian Goldberg and David Wagner broke the pseudorandom number generator of Netscape Navigator 1.1. They get the session key in a few hours on a single workstation.

[1995 Nov 15] Christopher Pile becomes the first person to be jailed for writing and distributing a computer virus. Pile, who called himself the 'Black Baron', was sentenced to 18 months in jail.

[1996] POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) is published.

[1996] New Deal releases New Deal Office 2.5, which was formerly PC-GEOS.

[1996] IBM Releases OS/2 Warp 4 with a significant facelift for the Workplace Shell.

[1996] The internet now has over 16 million hosts and is growing rapidly.

[1996] An Internet startup located in Tel Aviv, Israel, launched a service to bring computer users together called ICQ, or I Seek You.

[1996] Icanet, a company that designed Internet sites for public schools, was threatened by an extortionist in Germany. The deal: If Icanet agreed to buy his computer security program for $30,000, the hacker would not devastate the company's computers. In April, Andy Hendrata, a 27-year-old Indonesian computer science student in Germany, was convicted of computer sabotage and attempted extortion. He received a one-year suspended sentence and was fined $1,500.

[1996] The U.S. General Accounting Office reports that hackers attempted to break into Defense Department computer systems some 250,000 times in 1995 alone. About 65 percent of the attempts were successful, according to the report.

[1996 Jan] Larry Page and Sergey Brin had begun collaboration on a search engine called BackRub, later becoming Google.

[1996 Mar 6] United Press International (UPI) reveals that a hacker called 'u4ea' and also known as 'el8ite', 'eliteone', 'el8' and 'b1ff' online has been threatening to crash systems at the Boston Herald newspaper and several Internet Service Providers in the Boston, Massachusetts area. Reports indicate that the hacker may have covertly entered up to 100 Internet sites and desytroyed files on many of them. An investigation is initiated by the NYPD Computer Crimes section.

[1996 Apr 4] According to prosecutors, 19-year-old Christopher Schanot of St. Louis, Missouri, hacked into national computer networks, military computers and the TRW and Sprint credit reporting service.

[1996 Apr 5] 19-year-old Christopher Schanot (N00gz) a St. Louis, Missouri honor student indicted in Philadelphia for computer fraud, illegal wiretapping, unauthorized access to many corporate and government computers including Southwestern Bell, BELLCORE, Sprint, and SRI.

[1996 Apr 19] Hackers break into the NYPD's phone system and change the taped message that greeted callers. The new message said, "officers are too busy eating doughnuts and drinking coffee to answer the phones." It directed callers to dial 119 in an emergency.

[1996 Jun 9] Linux kernel 2.0 is released.

[1996 Jul 5] First known Excel virus, called Laroux is found.

[1996 Jul 31] Tim Lloyd plants a software time bomb at Omega Engineering in New Jersey; First federal computer sabotage case. The software time bomb destroyed the company's computer network and the global manufacturer's ability to manufacture in the summer of 1996. The attack caused the company $12 million in losses and cost 80 employees their jobs. Lloyd received 41 months in jail. He also was ordered to pay more than $2 million in restitution.

[1996 Aug] Microsoft releases Windows NT 4.0.

[1996 Aug 22] Eric Jenott, a Fort Bragg, North Carolina paratrooper is accused of hacking U.S. Army systems and furnishing passwords to a citizen of communist China. Eric's attorney says the Fort Bragg soldier is just a computer hacker who tested the strength of a supposedly impenetrable computer system, found a weakness and then told his superiors about it. Eric was later cleared of the spy charges but found guilty of damaging government property and computer fraud.

[1996 Sep] Johan Helsingius closes penet.fi. Penet.fi, the world's most popular anonymous remailer was raided by the Finnish police in 1995 after the Church of Scientology complained that a penet.fi customer was posting the church's secrets on the Net. Helsingius closed the remailer after a Finnish court ruled he must reveal the customer's real email address.

[1996 Sep 6] DoS (Denial of Service) attack against Panix.com, a New York-based ISP. An attacker used a single computer to send thousands of copies of a simple message that computers use to start a two-way dialog. The Panix machines receiving the messages had to allocate so much computer capacity to handle the dialogs that they used up their resources and were disabled.

[1996 Oct 18] OpenBSD 2.0, the initial release, is announced.

[1997] DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) format released and DVD players/movies hit consumer market.

[1997] 101,803 Name Servers in whois database.

[1997] AOHell is released, a freeware application that allows a burgeoning community of unskilled hackers -- or script kiddies -- to wreak havoc on America Online (AOL).

[1997 Jan 28] Ian Goldberg, a University of California-Berkeley graduate student, took on RSA Data Security's challenge and cracked the 40-bit code by linking together 250 idle workstations that allowed him to test 100 billion possible "keys" per hour. In three and a half hours Goldberg had decoded the message, which read, "This is why you should use a longer key."

[1997 Feb 5] Members of the Chaos Computer Club, the infamous hacking elite of Germany, demonstrated an ActiveX hacking program that allowed them to access copies of Quicken, the accounting software package from Intuit, and transfer money between bank accounts without needing to enter the normal password security systems of Quicken.

[1997 Mar 10] Hacker named 'Jester' has the first federal charges brought against a juvenile for a computer crime. 'Jester' cuts off the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) tower at Worcester Airport and is sentenced to paying restitution to the telephone company and complete 250 hours of community service.

[1997 Apr 21] A hacker named 'Joka' managed to trick America Online to briefly shut down a site run by the Texas branch of the Ku Klux Klan, forcing AOL to act, for security reasons, after it had declined to do so in response to widespread criticism that the site contains offensive material.

[1997 May 23] Carlos Felipe Salgado, Jr., 36, who used the online name 'Smak', allegedly inserted a sniffer program that gathered the credit information from a dozen companies selling products over the Internet. Carlos gathered 100,000 credit card numbers along with enough information to use them, said the FBI.

[1997 Jun] Netcom (bought by MindSpring, MindSpring then bought by Earthlink) voice mail hacked by 'Mr Nobody'. The 15-year-old intruder claimed he has been inside Netcom's voice-mail for two years. There he cracked into numerous mailboxes via his telephone key pad and used the system to break into third-party telephone switches to make long-distance calls.

[1997 Jul] Mac OS 8 is finally released. Selling 1.25 million copies in less than 2 weeks, it becomes the best-selling software in that period.

[1997 Oct 31] Eugene Kashpureff arrested for redirecting the NSI web page to his Alternic web site. Kashpureff designed a corruption of the software system that allows Internet-linked computers to communicate with each other. By exploiting a weakness in that software, Kashpureff hijacked Internet users attempting to reach the web site for InterNIC, his chief commercial competitor, to his AlterNIC web site, impeding those users' ability to register web site domain names or to review InterNIC's popular "electronic directory" for existing domain names.

[1997 Dec] Julio Ardita (El Griton) a 21-year-old Argentinean was sentenced to a three-year probation for hacking into computer systems belonging to Harvard, NASA, Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center.

[1997 Dec 8] www.yahoo.com is defaced by 'pantz' and 'h4gis'.

[1998] DVD-Recordable systems/equipment hits market.

[1998] Two hackers, Hao Jinglong and Hao Jingwen (twin brothers) are sentenced to death by a court in China for breaking into a bank computer network and stealing 720,000 yuan ($87,000). The Yangzhou Intermediate People's Court in the eastern Jiangsu province of China rejected an appeal of Hao Jingwen and upholding a death sentence against him. Jingwen and his brother, Hao Jinglong, hacked into the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China computers and shifted 720,000 yuan ($87,000) into accounts they had set up under phoney names. In September of 1998, they withdrew 260,000 yuan ($31,400) of those funds. Hao Jinglong's original sentence to death was suspended in return for his testimony.

[1998 Jan 1] Mark Abene (Phiber Optik), a security expert, launched a command to check a client's password files-and ended up broadcasting the instruction to thousands of computers worldwide. Many of the computers obligingly sent him their password files. Abene explained that the command was the result of a misconfigured system, and that he had no intention of generating a flood of password files into his mailbox.

[1998 Jan 16] Tallahassee Freenet hacked. TFN was attacked by a person or persons whose intent was clearly to destroy all of the files on the system. Before the attacks were stopped by bringing the system offline, thousands of user home directories, many system files, and all of the user spool mail had been deleted.

[1998 Feb 25] MIT Plasma & Fusion Center (PSFC) and DoD computers hacked by Ehud Tenebaum (Analyzer). The MIT computer was running an old version of Linux, the vulnerability which facilitated intrusion. After gaining access to an account, the hackers took advantage of other security holes and installed a packet sniffer. The hackers were able to collect user names and passwords to computers outside the network.

[1998 Feb. 26] Solar Sunrise, a series of attacks targeting Pentagon computers, leads to the establishment of round-the-clock, online guard duty at major military computer sites.

[1998 Feb 27] The 56-bit DES-II-1 challenge by RSA Data Security was completed by a massively distributed array of computers coordinating their brute force attacks via the distributed.net "organization." The cleartext message read, "Many hands make light work." The participants collectively examined 6.3 x 10^16 keys-fully 90 percent of the entire keyspace-in about 40 days.

[1998 Mar 3] Santa Rosa Internet Service Provider NetDex rehacked by Ehud Tenebaum (Analyzer), in retaliation over the arrest of his two U.S. hacker friends (Cloverdale Two).

[1998 Mar 18] Ehud Tenebaum (The Analyzer), an Israeli teen-ager is arrested in Israel. During heightened tensions in the Persian Gulf, hackers touch off a string of break-ins to unclassified Pentagon computers and steal software programs. Officials suspect him of working in concert with American teens to break into Pentagon computers. Then-U.S. Deputy Defense Secretary John Hamre calls it "the most organized and systematic attack" on U.S. military systems to date. An investigation points to two American teens. A 19-year-old Israeli hacker who calls himself 'The Analyzer' (Ehud Tenebaum) is eventually identified as their ringleader and arrested. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu calls Tenebaum "damn good ... and very dangerous." The attacks exploited a well-known vulnerability in the Solaris operating system for which a patch had been available for months. Today Tenebaum is chief technology officer of a computer consulting firm.

[1998 Mar 20] Two teenagers hack T-Online, the online service run by Germany's national telephone company, and steal information about hundreds of bank accounts. The two 16-year-old hackers bragged about their exploits, calling Deutsche Telekom's security for the online service "absolutely primitive".

[1998 Apr] Shawn Hillis, 26, of Orlando, Florida, a former employee of NASA contractor Lockheed Martin Corp., pled guilty in federal district court to using a NASA workstation at the Kennedy Space Center to gain unauthorized access to computer networks of several Orlando businesses.

[1998 Apr 20] An Alabama juvenile hacker launches an email bomb attack consisting of 14,000 email messages across a NASA network against another person using network systems in a commercial domain. The youth was later ordered to probationary conditions for 12 months.

[1998 Apr 22] The MoD criminal hacker group (Masters of Downloading, not to be confused with the 1980's group Masters of Deception) claimed to have broken into a number of military networks, including the DISN (Defense Information Systems Network); and the DEM (DISN Equipment Manager), which controls the military's global positioning satellites (GPSs).

[1998 Apr 26] CIH virus released by Chen Ing-Hou, the creator of the CIH virus, that takes his initials. This was the first known virus to target the flash BIOS (Basic Input Output System).

[1998 May] Members from the Boston, Massachusetts hacker group, L0pht (now @stake), testify before the U.S. Senate about Internet vulnerabilities.

[1998 May 30] A criminal hacker used the sheer size of AOL's technical support (6,000 people) to social engineer his way into the ACLU's web site. The attacker repeatedly phoned AOL until he found a support technician foolish enough to grant access to the targeted web site, which was wiped out as a result of the attack.

[1998 Jun 28] Microsoft releases Windows 98.

[1998 Jun 30] Former Coast Guard employee, Shakunla DeviSingla, entered a personnel database she had helped design. DeviSingla used her experience and a former co-worker's password and other identification to delete data. Her action required 115 employees and 1800 hours to recover the deleted information.

[1998 Jul 31] During Def Con 6 The Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc) release Back Orifice (BO), a tool for analyzing and compromising Windows security.

[1998 Sep 13] Hackers deface The New York Times (www.nytimes.com) web site, renaming it HFG (Hacking for Girlies). The hackers express anger at the arrest and imprisonment of Kevin Mitnick, the subject of the book 'Takedown' co-authored by Times reporter John Markoff. In early November, two members of HFG told Forbes magazine that they initiated the attack because they were bored and couldn't agree on a video to watch.

[1998 Sep 17] Aaron Blosser a contract programmer and self-described "math geek" harnessed over 2,500 U S West computers by installing a program that would utilize their idle time to find very large prime numbers. Their combined computational power in theory surpassed that of most supercomputers. Blosser enlisted 2,585 computers to work at various times during the day and night and quickly ran up 10.63 years of computer processing time in his search for a new prime number. "I've worked on this (math) problem for a long time," said Blosser. "When I started working at US West, all that computational power was just too tempting for me."

[1998 Nov] The 'Cloverdale Two' sentenced to 3 years probation, the two Cloverdale, California teens (Makaveli and Too Short) hacked dozens of computer systems, including ones run by the Pentagon. It was later discovered that the infamous Israeli hacker, Ehud Tenebaum (Analyzer) was the mastermind and mentor to the teens.

[1999] Apple introduces Mac OS 9.

[1999 Jan 25] Linux kernel 2.2 is released

[1999 Feb 1] Canadian teen charged in Smurf attack of Sympatico ISP. Smurf attacks are when a malicious Internet user fools hundreds or thousands of systems into sending traffic to one location, flooding the location with pings. The attack was eventually traced to the teen's home.

[1999 Mar] Apple releases Mac OS X Server, a UNIX based OS with their Macintosh GUI.

[1999 Mar 18] Jay Satiro, an 18-year-old high school dropout was charged with computer tampering after hacking into the internal computers of America Online and altering some programs. Jay pled guilty and was sentenced to one year in jail and five years without a home PC.

[1999 Mar 26] Melissa virus affects 100,000 email users and caused $80 million in damages; written by David Smith a 29-year-old New Jersey computer programmer. The virus known as Melissa, was named after a Florida stripper.

[1999 Apr] Ikenna Iffih, age 28, of Boston, Massachusetts, was charged with using his home computer to illegally gain access to a number of computers, including those controlled by NASA and an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense, where, among other things, he allegedly intercepted login names and passwords, and intentionally caused delays and damage in communications. On November 17, 2000, he was sentenced to 6 months home detention, placed on supervised release for 48 months and ordered to pay $5,000 in restitution.

[1999 May] The Napster peer-to-peer MP3 file-sharing system, used mainly to copy and swap unencrypted files of songs for free, begins to gain popularity, primarily on college campuses where students have easy access to high-speed Internet connections. It was created by Northeastern University students Shawn Fanning and Sean Parker, age 19 and 20, respectively. Before being shut down on July 2, 2001, Napster, had attracted 85 million registered users downloading as many as 3 billion songs a month.

[1999 May 11] whitehouse.gov defaced by hacker group Global Hell.

[1999 Jun] RISCOS Ltd releases RISC OS 4 for RiscPC, A7000 or A7000+ machines.

[1999 Jul 10] Back Orifice 2000 released at Def Con 7.

[1999 Aug 30] Microsoft Corporation shuts down its Hotmail operation for approximately two hours. The shut down comes after receiving confirmed reports that hackers breached some of their servers by entering Hotmail accounts through third-party Internet providers without using passwords.

[1999 Aug 19] ABC news web site defaced by hacker group United Loan Gunmen.

[1999 Sep 5] C-Span web site defaced by hacker group United Loan Gunmen.

[1999 Sep 13] Drudge Report web site defaced by hacker group United Loan Gunmen

[1999 Sep 23] Nasdaq and American Stock Exchange web sites defaced by hacker group United Loan Gunmen.

[1999 Nov] 15-year-old Norwegian, Jon Johansen, one of the three founding members of M